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Kluge's law is a controversial Proto-Germanic sound law formulated by Friedrich Kluge. It purports to explain the origin of the Proto-Germanic long consonants '' *kk'', '' *tt'', and '' *pp'' (Proto-Indo-European lacked a phonemic length distinction for consonants) as originating in the assimilation of '' *n'' to a preceding voiced plosive consonant, under the condition that the '' *n'' was part of a suffix which was stressed in the ancestral Proto-Indo-European (PIE). The name "Kluge's law" was coined by Kauffmann (1887) and revived by Frederik Kortlandt (1991). As of 2006, this law has not been generally accepted by historical linguists. The resulting long consonants would subsequently have been shortened, except when they followed a short vowel; this is uncontroversial for '' *ss''〔 (which has a different origin). Proponents of Kluge's law use this to explain why so many Proto-Germanic roots (especially of strong verbs) end in short '' *p'', '' *t'' or '' *k'' even though their likely cognates in other Indo-European languages point to final Proto-Indo-European (PIE) consonants other than the expected '' *b'', '' *d'', '' *g'' or '' *ǵ''. (Indeed, non-Germanic evidence for PIE '' *b'' is so rare that '' *b'' may not have been a phoneme at all; yet, in Proto-Germanic, '' *p'' was only rare at the beginnings of words.) Much like Verner's law, Kluge's law would have created many consonant alternations in the grammatical paradigm of a word that were soon only partially predictable anymore. Analogical simplifications of these complexities are proposed〔Kroonen, Guus Jan (2009). ''(Consonant and vowel gradation in the Proto-Germanic ''n''-stems )''. Doctoral thesis, Universiteit Leiden.〕〔 Updated and extended version of Kroonen (2009).〕 as an explanation for the many cases where closely related (often otherwise identical) words point to short, long, plosive, fricative, voiceless or voiced Proto-Germanic consonants in closely related Germanic languages or dialects, even sometimes the same dialect. ==Assimilation (Kluge's law proper)== The origin of Proto-Germanic (PGmc) '' *ll'', '' *rr'', '' *nn'' and '' *mm'' had already been explained in Kluge's time as resulting from the assimilation of consonant clusters across earlier morpheme boundaries: '' *ll'' from earlier (Pre-Germanic) '' *l-n'', '' *rr'' from earlier '' *r-n'', '' *nn'' from earlier '' *n-n'' and '' *n-w'', '' *mm'' from earlier '' *z-m'' and '' *n-m''. This is uncontroversial today,〔〔〔Moulton, William G. (1972). "(The Proto-Germanic non-syllabics (consonants) )". Pages 141–173 in van Coetsem, Frans (ed.): ''Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic''. De Gruyter.〕 except that '' *r-n'' may not have given '' *rr'' in every case.〔〔 A few examples with '' *-n'' are:〔 * PGmc '' *fullaz'' < PIE '' *pl̥h₁-nó-s'' > Sanskrit ''pūrṇá-'' (all meaning "full") * PGmc '' *wullō-'' < PIE '' *h₂wl̥h₂-neh₂-'' > Sanskrit ''ūrṇā-'' (all meaning "wool") * PGmc '' *ferrai'' ("far") < PIE ''perH-noi'' > Lithuanian ''pérnai'' ("last year") * German ''Welle'', Old High German ''wella'' < PIE ''wel-neh₂-'' (e-grade); Russian волна /volˈna/ < PIE ''wl̥-neh₂-'' (zero-grade) (all meaning "wave") Kluge (1884)〔 proposed to explain '' *pp'', '' *tt'' and '' *kk'' the same way (examples cited after Kroonen 2011〔): * PGmc '' *lappōn-'' < PIE '' *lHbʰ-néh₂-'' > Latin ''lambō'' (all meaning "to lick") * Middle Dutch ''roppen'', Middle High German and later ''rupfen'' (both "to pluck, tear off") < PIE '' *Hrup-néh₂-'' > Latin ''rumpō'' ("I break") * PGmc '' *buttaz'' (genitive singular) < PIE '' *bʰudʰ-no-'' > Sanskrit ''budʰná-'', Latin ''fundus'' (all meaning "bottom") * PGmc '' *stuttōn-'' < PIE '' *(s)tud-n-'' > Latin ''tundō'' (all meaning "to bump into something") * PGmc '' *likkōn-'' < PIE '' *liǵʰ-n-'' > Ancient Greek λιχνεύω /likʰˈnɛu̯ɔː/, Latin ''lingō'' (all meaning "to lick") * PGmc '' *þakkōn-'' "to pat" < PIE '' *th₂g-n-'' > Latin ''tangō'' "I touch" Without Kluge's law, '' * *-bn-'', '' * *-pn-'', '' * *-dn-'', '' * *-tn-'', '' * *-gn-'' and '' * *-kn-'' would be expected, respectively, in the Germanic forms (according to Grimm's law and Verner's law). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kluge's law」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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